{"id":87636,"date":"2020-10-09T15:38:06","date_gmt":"2020-10-09T07:38:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/totabuan.news\/?p=87636"},"modified":"2020-10-09T15:38:06","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T07:38:06","slug":"dari-perang-dunia-hingga-usir-massa-ini-sejarah-gas-air-mata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/totabuan.news\/?p=87636","title":{"rendered":"Dari Perang Dunia hingga Usir Massa, Ini Sejarah Gas Air Mata"},"content":{"rendered":"

TNews, NASIONAL<\/strong>\u00a0–\u00a0Gas air mata\u00a0yang digunakan polisi untuk menghalau demonstran dinilai\u00a0epidemiolog\u00a0bisa memperburuk penyebaran\u00a0virus Corona. Sejarah gas air mata sudah dimulai sejak seabad lalu.<\/p>\n

Dikutip dari ‘Tear Gas: From the Battlefields of World War I to the Streets of Today’ karya Anna Feigenbaum, amunisi serupa gas air mata sebenarnya sudah dipakai dalam Perang Dunia I (1914-1918) oleh Jerman dan Prancis. Prancis menembakkan granat gas mengandung methylbenzyl bromide ke parit pertahanan Jerman pada Agustus 1914.<\/p>\n

Jerman membalas dengan jenis gas yang lebih mematikan, yakni gas klorin di Ypres, Belgia, pada April 1915. Gas Jerman itu bikinan mahasiswa kimia dan farmakologi bernama Willi Siebert.<\/p>\n

Media massa ‘The Times’ dari London menyebutnya sebagai ‘Penemuan Paling Terkutuk’. Soalnya, sudah ada Konvensi Den Haag pada 1899 yang melarang senjata kimia.<\/p>\n

Digunakan untuk usir demo<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di AS, ada Jenderal Amos Fries di\u00a0Amerika Serikat\u00a0(AS) yang menjadi motor penggunaan gas air mata non-perang kala itu. Pada 1921, dia menceramahi pejabat militer di Perguruan Tinggi Staf Umum, di Washington DC. Gas air mata yang semula digunakan untuk perang kemudian digunakan untuk menjaga ketertiban.<\/p>\n

“Tahun 1920-an menjadi era keemasan penggunaan gas air mata,” tulis Anna Feigenbaum dalam bukunya, ‘Tear Gas: From the Battlefields of Wold War I to the Streets of Today’.<\/p>\n

Pada 1921 di Philadelphia, Jenderal Fries dan rekan-rekannya melakukan praktik efek gas air mata di depan 200 polisi dan wartawan. Semua mata polisi menjadi berair. Sejak saat itu, kepolisian di AS mulai tertarik dan akhirnya menggunakan gas air mata untuk menjaga ketertiban.<\/p>\n

Pada 29 Juli 1932, gas air mata digunakan untuk membubarkan para pejuang veteran yang berdemo menuntut gaji masa perang yang belum dibayarkan, di Gedung Capitol, Washington DC. Dua orang tewas, dua anak-anak sesak napas.<\/p>\n

Dua orang ahli kimia asal AS bernama Ben Corson dan Roger Stoughton mengembangkan lagi gas air mata pada 1928. Eksperimen mereka menghasilkan senyawa 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS). Bentuk sebenarnya berupa kristal putih padat.<\/p>\n

Sampai saat ini, nama Corson-Stoughton dipakai sebagai salah satu jenis gas air mata dengan kode CS. CS bahkan pernah diadopsi untuk keperluan militer. Penggunaannya secara masif pernah dilakukan saat Perang Vietnam.<\/p>\n

Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit (CDC) AS menjelaskan bahwa gas air mata atau bahan pengendali kerusuhan adalah ‘bahan kimia yang secara sementara bisa membuat mengalami iritasi mata, mulut, tenggorokan, paru-paru, dan kulit. Bahan utamanya adalah CS dan juga chloroacetophenone (CN). Ada pula yang mengandung cloropicrin (PS), bromobenzylcianide (CA), dibenzoxazepine (CR), dan kombinasi berbagai bahan.<\/p>\n

Pada 1993, ada Konvensi Senjata Kimia yang melarang penggunaan bahan kimia pengendali kerusuhan dalam peperangan. Namun uniknya, meski dilarang digunakan dalam peperangan namun gas air mata tidak dilarang untuk membubarkan massa sipil dalam kerusuhan domestik.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sumber: detik.com<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

TNews, NASIONAL\u00a0–\u00a0Gas air mata\u00a0yang digunakan polisi untuk menghalau demonstran dinilai\u00a0epidemiolog\u00a0bisa memperburuk penyebaran\u00a0virus Corona. Sejarah gas air mata sudah dimulai sejak seabad lalu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":87638,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,14],"tags":[7850,12877,12874,12873,12875,12876,3777],"newstopic":[],"class_list":["post-87636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nasional","category-sejarah","tag-amerika-serikat","tag-demo-massa","tag-gas-air-mata","tag-perang-dunia","tag-sejarah-gas-air-mata","tag-sejarah-gas-air-mata-dari-perang-dunia","tag-demo"],"yoast_head":"\nDari Perang Dunia hingga Usir Massa, Ini Sejarah Gas Air Mata<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"TNews, NASIONAL\u00a0-\u00a0Gas air mata\u00a0yang digunakan polisi untuk menghalau demonstran dinilai\u00a0epidemiolog\u00a0bisa memperburuk penyebaran\u00a0virus Corona. 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